Overall phenotypic differentiation of three example soybean genotypes: A (PI 417138 blue), B (PI 643146 red) and C (PI 479718B green) for TRL (total root length), PRL (primary root length), WID (root width), convex area (CVA) LRB (lateral root branching count), VOL (primary root volume), LRA (lateral root branching angle, LED (length distribution, total root length of the upper 1/3 of the root image divided by the total root length in the lower 2/3 of the root image), RHZO (rhizosphere area), WDR (width to depth ratio), Root_weight (dry root weight at 12 days after germination), Shoot_weight (dry shoot weight at 12 days after germination). 0° is the direction of the gravity vector.

The top row relates to LBA middle row, LRA and bottom row is RTA (all expressed as a percentage of total). Root angles of genotype A (PI 417138 blue), B (PI 643146 red) and C (PI 479718B green) at 6d (left), 9d (center) and 12d (right) generated from heuristically segmented images. Any root angles calculated by ARIA 2.0 as being less than 10 degrees were considered as being outliers due to a result of very small root segments. Correlation resulted in an R2 value of 0.9025. Correlation between manual and ARIA 2.0 root angles. Validation of primary root length (PRL) using SmartRoot in ImageJ. Six RSA traits displaying the increase in broad-sense heritability (H2) with each replicate tested (n=14).

PCA plots based on genomic SNP data to further explore the associations between (a) country of origin, (b) growth habit, and (c) genetic diversity (elite, diverse, landrace). Root shape profiles derived from elliptical Fourier transformations (EFT) at multiple harmonics (n = 2 to n = 20). The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( ) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.Īdditional file 6: Figure S1. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material.

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

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